Sunday, March 6, 2022

1. The most function of the lungs is the process of gas exchange called respiration (or breathing). In respiration, oxygen from incoming air arrives the blood, and dioxide, waste gas from the digestion, leaves the blood. A reduced lung function means the flexibility of lungs to exchange gases is reduced.
 
2. The 2 lungs located in our chest are so large that they take up most of the space in there. But these two lungs don't seem to be of the identical size. Instead, the one on the left side could be a bit smaller than the opposite present on the correct side inside the chest. In essence, the left lung shares space on the left side of the chest with the center hence is slighter in size to leave room for the center.
 
3. Increase lung capacity is to enhance exercise tolerance. Workout causes your heart and breathing rates to increase, so your body has sufficient oxygen and strengthens the heart and lungs. the common person's lung capacity can be improved around 5 percent to fifteen percent even with frequent workouts.
 
4. In general, you would like 1 lung to live. ... this can be not a routine procedure and one cannot live long without both lungs. However, it's possible to live with just one lung. Pneumonectomy is that the surgical removal of an entire lung usually performed because of diseases such as lung cancer, or injury.
 
5. The minute you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm bonds and transfers descending. This increases the space in your bodily cavity, and your lungs expand into it. The muscles between your ribs also help enlarge the bodily cavity. They contract to tug your skeletal structure both upward and outward once you inhale. During expiration, diaphragm reduces, and likewise the volume of crater reductions, while the heaviness within it upsurges. Therefore, the lungs bond and air are forced out.
 
6. Mucus: Sticky, gel-like substance which sits on top of the cilia brush within the conducting zone airways; in the lungs, mucus is made by goblet cells and glands and functions to guard the airways against dangerous materials; mucus is composed of water, mucin glycoproteins, defense proteins, and salt.
 
7. The lungs are the sole organ that can float on water. Lungs comprise nearly 300 million alveoli, which exchange the carbon-dioxide leftover in your plasma with oxygen. When these structures are stuffed with air, the lungs become the sole organs within the flesh that can float.
 
8. neural structure It panels the lungs, the heart, flat muscle, and exocrine and endocrine glands, largely starved of aware control. It can continuously monitor the conditions of those different systems and implement changes pro neatly. Signaling to the mark tissue frequently contains double synapses.
 
9. The ribs partially enclose and protect the bodily cavity, where many vital organs (including the center and also the lungs) are located. ... At the chest, many rib bones connect with the sternum via cartilaginous structure, segments of cartilage that allow the rib cage to expand during respiration.
 
10. once you exercise, you're making your muscles work harder. this can be true irrespective of what reasonably exercise you're doing. If you're lifting weights, you're using the muscles that may offer you the body of a fitness model; but if you're doing aerobics or cardiovascular exercise (like running, bicycling, or rowing) you're still using one muscle particularly &md your heart could be a muscle. When your muscles, even the centre, are working harder, they're also burning more calories. Your muscles requirement extra oxygen than they typically habit to tingle these extra calories. Your blood picks up oxygen because it travels through your lungs and delivers it to the muscles you're using. As your equal of motion upsurges, your alive rate increases to take more air (oxygen) into your lungs so that your lungs can propel more oxygen into your blood and resolved on your muscles.
 
 
Viruses(corona) with a predilection for the lower tract kill the mucosa cells of the bronchial tree and founded an intense inflammatory response within the lower airway. This response manifests as acute bronchitis and in some cases progresses to virus infection.

In virus infection, the membranes involved in gas exchange between the pulmonary alveoli (air sacs) and also the bloodstream become so inflamed and thickened that blood oxygen saturation falls dramatically. All the while, frequent cough and loss of lung compliance increases the work of breathing many folds, and also the victim eventually succumbs to a ghastly, drowning death. the bulk of the deaths from the 1918 H1 N1 influenza pandemic occurred during this fashion, often within 12-24 hours of symptoms onset. Some patients experienced respiratory failure among significant hemorrhage.

Tuesday, February 5, 2019

GSAT-31 onboard Ariane-5 :Launch Vehicle (VA 247)

GSAT-31 is the 40th communication satellite of India which is configured on ISRO’s enhanced I-2K Bus, utilising the maximum bus capabilities of this type. This satellite will augment the Ku-band transponder capacity in Geostationary Orbit.
Weighing about 2535 kg, GSAT-31 will provide continuity to operational services on some of the in-orbit satellites. The satellite derives its heritage from ISRO’s earlier INSAT/GSAT satellite series. The satellite provides Indian mainland and island coverage.
GSAT-31 is scheduled for launch onboard Ariane-5 launch vehicle (VA 247) from French Guiana.

Thursday, January 31, 2019

AstroSat Picture of the Month of Jan, 2019

AstroSat Picture of the Month of Jan, 2019

The 97 minute orbit of AstroSat around the Earth. The orbit is roughly equatorial (top right), inclined at around 6 degrees to it (top left). This results in each orbit being slightly displaced from the previous one (bottom). Pic Credits: Leo Jackson John, Operation Director, AstroSat, ISTRAC, ISRO
The 97 minute orbit of AstroSat around the Earth. The orbit is roughly equatorial (top right), inclined at around 6 degrees to it (top left). This results in each orbit being slightly displaced from the previous one (bottom). Pic Credits: Leo Jackson John, Operation Director, AstroSat, ISTRAC, ISRO
When seeing images from AstroSat, have you ever wondered where exactly is the satellite, how does it move, and how do astronomers get their hands on the data? This month's APOM is here to answer those questions for you.
AstroSat was launched https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZCRiNpfB-8 by ISRO on 28 September, 2015 from Sriharikota https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/satish-dhawan-space-centre-sdsc-shar, on board the PSLV-C30 into its current orbit. This is a low-earth equatorial orbit, at a height of 650 km above the Earth. This orbit is not exactly over the equator, but is inclined at angle of about 6 degree to it.  In the top left image, the green line marks the equator and the yellow line marks the orbit of AstroSat and the top right image is a view from over the north pole. But why was this orbit chosen?
Our Earth has a magnetic field (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field), which behaves overall like a bar magnet (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/MagEarth.html), with its poles a few degrees from the poles defined by our rotation. These magnetic fields trap charged particles within them, which form the Van Allen belts (https://www.space.com/33948-van-allen-radiation-belts.html). These belts are much closer to the Earth over the southern Atlantic Ocean. An equatorial orbit reduces the effect of this South Atlantic Anomaly  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Anomaly, on AstroSat which carries very sensitive instruments. Making the inclination exactly zero requires more resources and hence a 6 degree inclination was chosen.
AstroSat takes about 97 minutes to orbit the Earth once. Hence, it will not pass directly overhead the same point in successive orbits. Each orbit, therefore, will be slightly shifted with respect to the previous one. The individual orbits shown in red in the bottom image mark orbits. One orbit per week is plotted for clarity. Data is beamed down from an antenna on the satellite once every orbit, when it passes over India. The data is received by ISRO's dedicated Indian Deep Space Network http://isrohq.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/ground-segment/82-chandrayaa... antenna in Byalalu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network near Bengaluru (marked as BLR). All orbits of AstroSat fall within the visibility of this antenna, which is marked by a circle centred at Byalalu. ISRO can also use an antenna in Indonesia, marked BIK, to monitor the satellite when needed. All the command, control and tracking of AstroSat is done by ISTRAC https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-telemetry-tracking-and-command-n... in Bengaluru.
As of 30 January 2019, AstroSat has completed more than 18,000 orbits around the Earth, acting as our high energy eye,  uncovering the nature of neutron stars, black holes, hot star, and many strange celestial objects. May it continue to do so for many more orbits!

Tuesday, January 29, 2019

PSLV-C11/ Chandrayaan-1

PSLV-C11 Brochure

Chandrayaan-1

Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria.

After the successful completion of all the major mission objectives, the orbit has been raised to 200 km during May 2009. The satellite made more than 3400 orbits around the moon and the mission was concluded when the communication with the spacecraft was lost on August 29, 2009.
प्रमोचन भार / Launch Mass: 
1380 kg
मिशन कालावधि / Mission Life : 
2 years
शक्ति / Power: 
700 W
प्रमोचक राकेट / Launch Vehicle: 
PSLV-C11
उपग्रह का प्रकार / Type of Satellite: 
Science & Exploration
निर्माता / Manufacturer: 
ISRO
स्‍वामी / Owner: 
ISRO
अनुप्रयोग / Application: 
Planetary Observation
कक्षा का प्रकार / Orbit Type: 
Lunar

PSLV-C11/ Chandrayaan-1 Gallery

PSLV - C11 Lift Off
PSLV-C11 Lift Off
PSLV-C11 Lift Off
PSLV-C11 on Launchpad
PSLV-C11 on its way to Launchpad
PSLV-C11 on its way to Launchpad from Vehicle Assembly Building
PSLV-C11 at Vehicle Assembly Building
PSLV-C11 Vehicle stacked up to fourth stage
Close-up view of PSLV-C11 4th Stage
Hoisting of third and fourth stages of PSLV-C11
Hoisting of PSLV-C11 Second Stage
PSLV-C11 Second Stage with its VIKAS engine
Positioning of PSLV-C11 First Stage Nozzle End Segment over launch pedestal
Loading of PSLV-C11 First Stage Nozzle End Segment
PSLV-C11 First Stage Nozzle End Segment on its way to Vehicle Assembly Building
Fully Assembled First Stage surrounded by strap-ons of PSLV-C11
Unloading a PSLV-C11 strap-on from transporter at Vehicle Assembly Building
Moon Impact Probe
Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft undergoing pre-launch tests
Moon Impact Probe integration with Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft
Readying Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft for Thermovac test
Fully integrated Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft (left) and loading it to Thermovac Chamber (right)
TMC Image 1
TMC Image 2
PSLV-C11/ Chandrayaan-1 Gallery
PSLV-C11/ Chandrayaan-1 Gallery
PSLV-C11/ Chandrayaan-1 Gallery
Earth as viewed by Chandrayaan-1 on 29 Oct. 2008, Distance ~ 70000 Km. from Earth
Earth as viewed by Chandrayaan-1 on 29 Oct. 2008, Distance ~ 70000 Km. from Earth

DE ROY N Crater viewed by TMC from 200 km orbit on 20 May 2009 


Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) Payload onboard AstroSat made Operational

The Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) will monitor the transient X-ray sky to detect and locate X-ray sources in its large Field Of View (FOV).  It comprises three almost identical detector units each with a 1D coded-mask and the respective electronics. All the three modules of SSM are mounted on a single platform capable of rotation.  A photograph of the SSM payload on is shown here below in figure 1. The Processing Electronics and the Platform motor drive electronics are placed inside the spacecraft body.  
SSM with three cameras and associated front end electronics
Figure 1: SSM with three cameras and associated front end electronics.
SSM platform deployment was done on the day of launch after spacecraft injection into the intended orbit, soon after solar panel deployment.
On Day 2 and Day 3 (September 29 & September 30, 2015) operations related to SSM platform rotation were carried out successfully, as planned.  All the modes of rotation were checked and the parameters were verified.
Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) onboard AstroSat has been operational since October 12th 2015, on the 15th day after the successful launch of AstroSat on 28th September 2015.
The temperatures of all the packages of the payload have been within the expected limits.  Spacecraft was oriented in such a way that the well-known X-ray source “Crab” was positioned at the centre of Field Of View (FOV) of two of the SSM units, SSM1 and SSM2, which have a crossed FOV. 
SSM1 was powered ON first and all the health parameters of the unit were monitored and found satisfactory. High Voltage (HV) to the anodes was increased step by step to the required value with constant monitoring of telemetry parameter.  Once the required HV step was attained in the SSM1 unit, the counts detected by the unit were indicated in the telemetry.  It was exciting to observe the expected count rates in the telemetry as soon as the HV was raised to the required step. 
The data from SSM1 unit was played back in the subsequent orbit and analysed for the light curves and spectra from all anodes in that unit. 
The SAA entry and exit operations to lower the HV of the unit for safe operations were handled with macros on-board.  The prompt execution of these macros during the non-visibility period during the passage through SAA region can be seen in the later part of the light curve.
Following the successful power ON of SSM1 unit the other two units – SSM2 and SSM3 were also powered ON, two orbits later during the visibility period. All the health checks were found satisfactory.  The units were powered ON one after the other.  The data play back was done in the subsequent orbits.  Performances of these two units were also as expected.  

SSM First light of Crab - a Neutron Star  - on 12th October 2015

The sky image observed by SSM with its first observation with Crab at the centre of its FOV is shown here in figure 2.  “Crab” was detected at the centre of the FOV as expected.

Figure 2: First light from SSM with Crab at the centre of the FOV

SSM First light of GRS 1915+105 - a Black Hole  - on 14th October 2015
Following this, SSM was maneuvered to a field that contains the enigmatic Galactic Black Hole source GRS 1915+105. Even with many challenges on mission operations, AstroSat was oriented to the required field with GRS 1915+105 in the FOV of SSM on October 14th, 2015. THANKS to mission operations team!
The particular field was crowded with few other bright sources (eg. Cyg X-1, Cyg X-2, Ser X-1), while GRS 1915+105 was the strongest source with intensity ~2 Crab. GRS 1915+05 also displays very peculiar, but ‘structured’ X-ray variability known as ‘class’. 
AstroSat – SSM First light of the enigmatic Black Hole GRS 1915 + 105
Figure 3: AstroSat – SSM First light of the enigmatic Black Hole GRS 1915 + 105
AstroSat-first light from Galactic Black Hole GRS 1915+105 as observed by SSM is shown in figure 3.  A quick look of the variability profile of the light curve matches well with one of the earlier observations of the source with NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite as shown in the figure. More detailed analysis results will follow.
SSM – Indication of a M - class Solar Flare  - on 16th October 2015
During a scheduled flux calibration observation with SSM pointed to Crab, during a specific part of the orbit, at ~6:12 UT, October 16th 2015, SSM (all three detectors) recorded a sudden upsurge in counts – with a rise time of ~2 minutes and a decay time of ~18 minutes as shown in figure 4.
SSM observations with Earth in its FOV on October 16, 2015 during a M-class Solar Flare at 6:10 UT
Figure 4: SSM observations with Earth in its FOV on October 16, 2015 during a M-class Solar Flare at 6:10 UT

GOES observations of M-class Solar flare at 6:10 UT on 16th October, 2015
Figure 5: GOES observations of M-class Solar flare at 6:10 UT on 16th October, 2015.
This occurred when the pointing of the SSM cameras was facing the Earth such that the FOVs of all the three cameras had Earth within.  The Sun was almost 180 degrees away. .  The upsurge in counts was understood to be X-rays due to a M-class Solar flare, which was confirmed with the time of occurrence, type of flare etc. from the US satellite “GOES” data.  The correlation of the time of detection of upsurge of counts in SSM and the time of occurrence of the flare can be observed from both the figures - 4 and 5. 

ASTROSAT - ISRO

Astrosat

ASTROSAT is India’s first dedicated multi wavelength space observatory. This scientific satellite mission endeavours for a more detailed understanding of our universe. One of the unique features of ASTROSAT mission is that enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite.
ASTROSAT observes universe in the optical, Ultraviolet, low and high energy X-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, whereas most other scientific satellites are capable of observing a narrow range of wavelength band. Multi-wavelength observations of ASTROSAT can be further extended with co-ordinated observations using other spacecraft and ground based observations. All major astronomy Institutions and some Universities in India are participating in these observations.
ASTROSAT with a lift-off mass of about 1513 kg was launched into a 650 km orbit inclined at an angle of 6 deg to the equator by PSLV-C30. After injection into Orbit, the two solar panels of ASTROSAT were automatically deployed in quick succession. The spacecraft control centre at Mission Operations Complex (MOX) of ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore manages the satellite during its mission life.
The science data gathered by five payloads of ASTROSAT are telemetered to the ground station at MOX. The data is then processed, archived and distributed by Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) located at Byalalu, near Bangalore.
The scientific objectives of ASTROSAT mission are:
  • To understand high energy processes in binary star systems containing neutron stars and black holes
  • Estimate magnetic fields of neutron stars
  • Study star birth regions and high energy processes in star systems lying beyond our galaxy
  • Detect new briefly bright X-ray sources in the sky
  • Perform a limited deep field survey of the Universe in the Ultraviolet region
Artistic view of Astrosat spacecraft
Payloads of ASTROSAT :
Five payloads of ASTROSAT are chosen to facilitate a deeper insight into the various astrophysical processes occurring in the various types of astronomical objects constituting our universe.  These payloads rely on the visible, Ultraviolet and X-rays coming from distant celestial sources.
  1. The Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT), capable of observing the sky in the Visible, Near Ultraviolet and Far Ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
  2. Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC), is designed for study the variations in the emission of X-rays from sources like X-ray binaries, Active Galactic Nuclei and other cosmic sources.
  3. Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) is designed for studying how the X-ray spectrum of 0.3-8 keV range coming from distant celestial bodies varies with time.
  4. Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI), functioning in the X-ray region, extends the capability of the satellite to sense X-rays of high energy in 10-100 keV range.
  5. Scanning Sky Monitor(SSM), is intended to scan the sky for long term monitoring of bright X-ray sources in binary stars, and for the detection and location of sources that become bright in X-rays for a short duration of time.

Thursday, January 24, 2019

PSLV-C44(ON 24-JAN-2019)

PSLV-C44

India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), in its 46th flight, will launch the Kalamsat and Microsat-R from the First Launch Pad (FLP) of Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota on January 24, 2019.
PSLV is a four stage launch vehicle with alternating solid and liquid stages. The PSLV with 2 strap-on configuration has been identified for this mission and the configuration is designated as PSLV-DL. PSLV-C44 is the first mission of PSLV-DL and is a new variant of PSLV.
In PSLV-C44, the fourth stage (PS4) of the vehicle will be moved to higher circular orbit so as to establish an orbital platform for carrying out experiments. Kalamsat, a student payload will be the first to use PS4 as orbital platform.
PSLV-C44 will also carry Microsat-R, an imaging satellite.

PSLV-C44 Gallery

 PSLV-C44
 PSLV-C44
 PSLV-C44
 PSLV-C44
 PSLV-C44
Closing of Payload Fairing
PSLV-C44 integrated upto fourth stage at MST
PSLV-C44 Third and Fourth stages at Stage Preparation Facility
Hoisting of PSLV-C44 second stage during vehicle integration.
Hoisting of an interstage during PSLV-C44 integration
PSLV-C44 Integrated upto First Stage inside Mobile Service Tower
Hoisting of one of the Strap-ons of PSLV-C44 during vehicle integration
A View of two joined segment of PSLV-C44 Core Stage at Mobile Service Tower
Hoisting of the Nozzle end segment of PSLV-C44 over the launch pedestal

PSLV-C44 Curtain Raiser Video (English)



PSLV-C44 Curtain Raiser Video (Hindi)



PSLV-C44 Launch Brochure



PSLV-C44 Launch Kit



Stay tunned for new updates..................!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

I am pretty sure that this rocket named PSLV C-44 gonna launch successfully by our scientists from Satish Dhawan Space Center Sriharikota TODAY(24-jan-2019)